Calculadora Binária

Uma calculadora que realiza operações aritméticas e lógicas com dois operandos de 8 bits. A entrada de dados é por lógica RPN  como nas calculadoras HP: primeiro entramos um dado de oito bits e apertamos Enter. Em seguida entramos com o segundo dado e apertamos a tecla da operação desejada. 

O circuito usa um PIC 16F628 com clock interno. O código Hex a ser gravado segue abaixo:

:100000006028A301A200FF30A207031CA307031C62

:100010005B280330A100DF300F200328A101E83E58

:10002000A000A109FC30031C1828A00703181528FC

:10003000A0076400A10F152820181E28A01C222844

:100040000000222808000310A00DA10DFF3E031898

:10005000232820085B280310A10CA00CFF3E0318E6

:100060002B2820085B280038031DFF300405031DE2

:10007000FF305B280404031DFF305B280038031D9C

:10008000FF308408031DFF3A5B281030A800A1014F

:10009000A001A70CA60C031C53282208A0072308C4

:1000A0000318230FA107A10CA00CA50CA40CA80BEE

:1000B000492824085B288313031383126400080073

:1000C00007309F008316FF3085008601831285016B

:1000D0008601BE01BF01C001BD013C10BC103C1136

:1000E0003E0886006400051EAD28C830012064006B

:1000F0003C19A82803013C18FF30B8000301BC18C4

:10010000FF30BA00380884003A083320BA00BB0038

:1001100064003A083B04031996284008BD003F08D4

:10012000C0003E08BF00BE013C10BC1064003C1C77

:100130009B28BE013C103E08A600A7010230A20089

:10014000A3014520B8002508B900380ABE00AD2833

:100150000310BE0D3C103C11BC106400851DE4284A

:10016000C830012064003C19DF2803013C18FF302F

:10017000B8000301BC18FF30BA00380884003A0800

:100180003320BA00BB0064003A083B040319D128AD

:100190004008BD003F08C0003E08BF00BE013C1043

:1001A000BC1064003C1CD628BE013C103E08A600D2

:1001B000A7010230A200A3014520BE00E4280310DD

:1001C000BE0C3C11BC103C106400051D6429C830F5

:1001D000012064003C19F5283F08BE074008BF0015

:1001E0003D08C000BC143C14642900303E180130A6

:1001F000840000303F1801303A20013903193E10C5

:10020000031D3E140030BE18013084000030BF18BA

:1002100001303A2001390319BE10031DBE1400300D

:100220003E190130840000303F1901303A20013975

:1002300003193E11031D3E150030BE190130840024

:100240000030BF1901303A2001390319BE11031DD6

:10025000BE1500303E1A0130840000303F1A0130D4

:100260003A20013903193E12031D3E160030BE1A12

:10027000013084000030BF1A01303A2001390319DF

:10028000BE12031DBE1600303E1B0130840000303C

:100290003F1B01303A20013903193E13031D3E175D

:1002A0000030BE1B013084000030BF1B01303A20FB

:1002B00001390319BE13031DBE174008BF003D08D6

:1002C000C000BC143C143C116400851CE529C830F6

:1002D000012064003C1976293E083F02BE00400818

:1002E000BF003D08C000BC143C14E52900303E1896

:1002F0000130840000303F180130332001390319E8

:100300003E10031D3E140030BE1801308400003042

:10031000BF180130332001390319BE10031DBE146C

:1003200000303E190130840000303F190130332085

:10033000013903193E11031D3E150030BE1901306D

:1003400084000030BF190130332001390319BE1178

:10035000031DBE1500303E1A0130840000303F1AE4

:1003600001303320013903193E12031D3E160030BF

:10037000BE1A013084000030BF1A01303320013929

:100380000319BE12031DBE1600303E1B013084004F

:1003900000303F1B01303320013903193E13031D88

:1003A0003E170030BE1B013084000030BF1B0130FF

:1003B000332001390319BE13031DBE174008BF00C7

:1003C0003D08C000BC143C143C116400051C652AA7

:1003D000C830012064003C19F6294008BD003F08E0

:1003E000C0003E08BF003C14BC10652A00303E1817

:1003F0000130840000303F1801303E2001390319DC

:100400003E10031D3E140030BE1801308400003041

:10041000BF1801303E2001390319BE10031DBE1460

:1004200000303E190130840000303F1901303E2079

:10043000013903193E11031D3E150030BE1901306C

:1004400084000030BF1901303E2001390319BE116C

:10045000031DBE1500303E1A0130840000303F1AE3

:1004600001303E20013903193E12031D3E160030B3

:10047000BE1A013084000030BF1A01303E2001391D

:100480000319BE12031DBE1600303E1B013084004E

:1004900000303F1B01303E20013903193E13031D7C

:1004A0003E170030BE1B013084000030BF1B0130FE

:1004B0003E2001390319BE13031DBE174008BF00BB

:1004C0003D08C000BC143C143C116400851FAC2ADC

:1004D000C830012064003C19712ABE013C10BC10D8

:1004E000AC2A03013E1C013E03193E10031D3E14BD

:1004F0000301BE1C013E0319BE10031DBE140301FF

:100500003E1D013E03193E11031D3E150301BE1D94

:10051000013E0319BE11031DBE1503013E1E013E1F

:1005200003193E12031D3E160301BE1E013E0319B0

:10053000BE12031DBE1603013E1F013E03193E13EA

:10054000031D3E170301BE1F013E0319BE13031D09

:10055000BE17BC103C103C116400051FB52A640096

:100560003C19B42A3C15B52A3C1170286300B62A00

:02400E00303F41

:00000001FF

Teste rápido de microcontrolador 80C31 e 80C32

Free run test para o microcontrolador 80C31 e 80C32:

Grilo Eletrônico

Grilo Eletrônico

Um pequeno e simples circuito que fiz há muito tempo. Ele usa um fototransistor para detetar se há luz ambiente e quando fica escuro ele habilita que o PIC comece a emitir sons de um grilo, em períodos de tempo aleatórios. No caso de alguém acender a luz, ele suspende o som de grilo.  Um bom brinquedinho para as crianças.

O buzzer deve ser daqueles que emite som só com a alimentação, sem precisar de um oscilador. A combinação com os pulsos vindos do PIC é que formam o som parecido com o cri-cri de grilos.  

Código para gravar no PIC:

:100000006928210820040319A00A8030201AA106BB

:100010002019A106A018A106210DA00DA10D64288C

:10002000A301A200FF30A207031CA307031C64283E

:100030000330A100DF301E201228A101E83EA000FD

:10004000A109FC30031C2728A00703182428A007B7

:100050006400A10F242820182D28A01C312800009E

:1000600031280800A20001303828A20006303828C4

:10007000A80023082102031D3F2822082002043083

:1000800003180130031902302805031DFF306428CE

:10009000A501A4011030A600210DA40DA50D220874

:1000A000A4022308031C230FA50203185E282208BC

:1000B000A40723080318230FA5070310A00DA10D03

:1000C000A60B4C28200864288313031383126400B2

:1000D00008000730990083162F30850083128501B0

:1000E000B801B9016400851A76288F203A08A0006B

:1000F0003B08A10001202008BA002108BB003A08F3

:10010000A0003B08A1000A30A200A3014820BC00C7

:100110002108BD003D08A3003C08112070283A08C2

:10012000A0003B08A10001202008BA002108BB0064

:100130003A08A0003B08A100EA30A3006030352057

:10014000031DA6282730A300103011200330A30080

:10015000E83011200130B800B9013808A000390892

:10016000A100A30128303220031DC028051603304A

:100170001020051204301020B80A0319B90FAD2859

:08018000051208006300C2280B

:02400E008C3FE5

:00000001FF

Driver de motores de passo

Driver para Motores A4988

Há um tempo eu ganhei duas plaquinhas com o driver de motor A4988 da Allegro que facilita enormemente o uso de motores de passo, sem precisar fazer uma programação voltada para acionar as bobinas em sequência correta. Com esse driver, basta selecionar o microstepping desejado, a direção do motor e enviar os pulsos. E ele ainda aceita níveis lógicos de 5V de 3.3V, facilitando tanto o uso por Arduinos como Raspberry Pi.

As dimensões da plaquinha são reduzidas e já vem com duas fileiras de barras de pinos, facilitando o uso com protoboard. Segundo a datasheet, o driver permite o controle de altas correntes (2A) e mesmo com o tamanho reduzido, não esquenta muito (apesar do dissipador pequeno).

Veja como pode ser o interfaceamento com um microcontrolador:

Mas o acionamento do driver e do motor de passo não precisa de um microcontrolador (ou Arduino ou RPI).  Basta uma fonte de pulsos (eu usei um simples 555 em modo astável) e fornecer os níveis lógicos adequados para os pinos RESET, ENABLE, DIR (direção), MS!-3 (que definem o microstepping) e jogar os pulsos vindos do 555 no pino STEP.  

O vídeo com a montagem usando o 555:

https://youtu.be/-S1UQ7kd5kA

Dispositivos I2C

Mais Dispositivos I2C

Implementei junto ao programa de edição de memórias EEPROM com utilização da placa MCLAB2, a possibilidade de manipular mais dois interessantes circuitos integrados com comunicação I2C. Um deles é o PCF8574(A) da Philips que é um extensor de portas de E/S quase bidirecional, o que o torna muito útil quando se faltam portas para um microcontrolador. O outro é um sensor de campo magnético bem sensível o HMC5883L da Honeywell, muito usado em bússolas eletrônicas e com capacidade de medição de campos magnéticos em 3 eixos (x, y, z). 

Em resumo, o integrado PCF8574 possui 8 portas de E/S que podem ser escritas ou lidas através de comunicação serial I2C, além de possuir um pino de sinalização de interrupção e 3 linhas de endereçamento para identificar o ci se forem usados vários dispositivos no barramento I2C. Assim ele funciona como um conversor serial-paralelo e vice-e-versa. Como ele tem boa capacidade de corrente nas portas (25mA tanto suprindo como drenando) elas são capazes de acionar diversos dispositivos, como por exemplo, leds, muito facilmente. A velocidade para o clock do I2C deve ser de 100kHz. A diferença entre as versões 8574 e 8574A é apenas no endereçamento do dispositivo escravo.

A seguir a pinagem e o diagrama de blocos do PCF8574.

  

No diagrama de tempos do fluxo serial, demonstra qual deve ser o byte de controle enviado, sendo que para o PCF8574, o endereço escravo deve ter os 4 bits mais significativos como 0100 (e 0111 para o 8574A), seguido dos 3 bits de endereçamento de dispositivo e finalmente o bit0 significando escrita (0) ou leitura (1).  

Aqui o fluxo para escrita:

O fluxo para leitura:

Abaixo o esquema elétrico para a conexão do PIC 16F877 com o PCF8574:

No firmware, o PCF8574 passa a ser a opção de seleção número 11 no menu de seleção de dispositivos e o PCF8574A a opção 12. 

Pode-se fazer então a leitura das portas do PCF8574, ou a escrita das portas, onde se entra com o endereço do dispositivo no barramento I2C e em seguida o valor a ser escrito nas 8 portas.

O circuito integrado HMC5883L fornece a medição de campo magnético em 3 eixos, em dois registradores de 2 bytes cada, mas com 12 bits de valor, que representa uma resolução de 2 mili gauss e capacidade de medir até 8 gauss. Esse dispositivo usa tecnologia AMR (anisotropic magneto resistive). Como ele é um ci em encapsulamento smd, geralmente é mais prático utilizá-los através de pequenos módulos, em que há apenas acesso a 5 pinos (alimentação e barramento I2C).

A seguir o diagrama de blocos e interligação com o microcontrolador:

E o esquema completo:

No firmware, o HMC5883L passa a ser a opção 13 no menu de dispositivos. Como a utilização dele é apenas de leitura, na opção de leitura o display passa a apresentar de pronto os valores medidos nos 3 eixos, com polaridade N (negativo) e P (positivo).

A saída se dá pelo botão número 4.

Forneço aqui os códigos hexadecimais a serem gravados no PIC:

:10000000B2018C29B216B21EB212B2190B28B21567
:100010004420031832280830A3005920A20DA30B56
:100020000D28B21E3D2063205F20B21A32203720F7
:10003000220803108729B216B21EB21232192528DF
:10004000FE39B300321503108729321A2D28A60075
:10005000321644200318322826084C200318322870
:10006000B21E87293D20632032113212B2113608A8
:100070008400340884178004432836088400340937
:100080008005841780058729372063208B213D2038
:100090005F203308B2190138A2000830A300A20D76
:1000A00003183720031C3D2063205F20A30B4F283B
:1000B000372063203608840034080005FF3E3708E7
:1000C0008400350940283708840035083A28040898
:1000D000A70089100910091083168910091009104A
:1000E000880183122708B21890283A30A100FC300A
:1000F00012213330A600A3201030A1006830122155
:10010000A32064301121A32038308F200C308F20A1
:1001100001308F2006308F20B21427089028321427
:10012000A600321C9E280910033C031CA328A32010
:100130000730A100D0301221031408003214FE3C15
:100140000319872909148914260888003210891098
:100150003230112103140800B31329080319B3170F
:100160001030A8000301A40DA50D03180130EC20E8
:100170002808031DB2280800B31329080319B31770
:100180000430A800250EC9202508C920240EC92046
:1001900024080F39F63E0318073E0A3EEC28B31335
:1001A00029080319B3170530A8002730A300103021
:1001B000E5200330A300E830E520A3016430E5200A
:1001C000A3010A30E5202408EC28A2002508A1009C
:1001D0002408A00050212008A000A8030319B3138D
:1001E00029080319F6282802031808002008031D0F
:1001F000B313B31B0800303E822983178001840AA1
:10020000FF3E031DFE288729A301A200FF30A2079D
:10021000031CA307031C87290330A100DF30122130
:100220000629A101E83EA000A109FC30031C1B29FE
:10023000A00703181829A0076400A10F1829201887
:100240002129A01C2529000025290800A101A301BE
:10025000A20001303529A20006303529A101A301F1
:10026000A20004303529A2000530A800230821028D
:10027000031D3C2922082002043003180130031911
:1002800002302805031DFF3087290038031DFF3089
:100290000405031DFF3087290404031DFF3087294F
:1002A000A501A4011030A600210DA40DA50D220862
:1002B000A4022308031C230FA502031866292208A1
:1002C000A40723080318230FA5070310A00DA10DF1
:1002D000A60B5429200887291030A800A101A001ED
:1002E000A70CA60C031C7A292208A00723080318D0
:1002F000230FA107A10CA00CA50CA40CA80B70291E
:1003000024088729840031088A003008820083137A
:1003100003138312640008008316DF3085000F305A
:100320008600913087008801890106309F000730E0
:100330009C00831207112030840060308A01FE2067
:10034000A030840050308A01FE20103084006030DC
:100350008A01FD209030840060308A01FD20FE304B
:100360008A01682001308A01682050308A016820A3
:100370006C308A01682061308A01682063308A010C
:10038000682061308A01682020308A0168204D3061
:100390008A01682043308A0168204C308A01682035
:1003A00041308A01682042308A01682032308A0157
:1003B000682020308A01682020308A01682020309F
:1003C0008A01682020308A016820FE308A01682076
:1003D000C0308A0168204C308A01682065308A016B
:1003E00068202F308A01682067308A0168207230C7
:1003F0008A01682061308A01682076308A0168208D
:1004000061308A01682020308A01682049308A01E1
:10041000682032308A01682043308A016820203009
:100420008A01682020308A01682020308A016820F3
:10043000FE308A0168200F308A0168200330A30053
:10044000E8308A010521FE308A01682001308A01E6
:10045000682031308A0168202D308A01682073308D
:100460008A01682065308A0168206C308A01682022
:1004700020308A01682064308A01682065308A0152
:10048000682076308A01682020308A016820323066
:100490008A0168202D308A01682072308A01682024
:1004A00065308A01682061308A01682064308A01E1
:1004B0006820FE308A016820C0308A01682033300D
:1004C0008A0168202D308A01682077308A016820EF
:1004D00072308A01682069308A01682074308A018C
:1004E000682065308A01682020308A016820343015
:1004F0008A0168202D308A01682065308A016820D1
:1005000072308A01682061308A01682073308A0164
:10051000682065308A01682064008A110A12061872
:10052000992AFA308A0104210130CE008A110A1278
:10053000BC2A64008A110A128618A42AFA308A0199
:1005400004218A150A121A2B64008A110A1206194C
:10055000AF2AFA308A0104218A150A12162F640084
:100560008A110A128619BA2AFA308A0104218A11DC
:100570000A16C32A8A018C2AFE308A0168200130BB
:100580008A01682053308A01682065308A0168201A
:100590006C308A01682065308A01682063308A01E6
:1005A000682074308A01682020308A016820643015
:1005B0008A01682065308A01682076308A016820C7
:1005C00069308A01682063308A01682065308A01B9
:1005D00068203A308A01682020308A016820203063
:1005E0008A016820FE308A016820C0308A016820B4
:1005F0003D308A0168208A110A12342364008A116E
:100600000A120618122BFA308A010421CE03640064
:100610004E08003C8A110A12031D102B0D30CE002B
:100620008A01F22A64008A110A128618262BFA30EF
:100630008A010421CE0A64004E080E3C8A110A1277
:10064000031D242B0130CE008A01F22A64008A1196
:100650000A128619322B0130A3005E308A0105216F
:100660008A01AF298A01FE2A64004E08013C8A11E2
:100670000A12031D642BFE308A016820C0308A01F3
:1006800068203D308A01682032308A016820343089
:100690008A0168204C308A01682043308A01682032
:1006A00030308A01682031308A01682020308A0188
:1006B000682020308A01682020308A016820A0301C
:1006C000CB007F30BA00BB0164004E08023C8A11A7
:1006D0000A12031D942BFE308A016820C0308A0163
:1006E00068203D308A01682032308A016820343029
:1006F0008A0168204C308A01682043308A016820D2
:1007000030308A01682032308A01682020308A0126
:10071000682020308A01682020308A016820A030BB
:10072000CB00FF30BA00BB0164004E08033C8A11C5
:100730000A12031DC52BFE308A016820C0308A01D1
:1007400068203D308A01682032308A0168203430C8
:100750008A0168204C308A01682043308A01682071
:1007600030308A01682034308A01682020308A01C4
:10077000682020308A01682020308A016820A0305B
:10078000CB00FF30BA000130BB0064004E08043CCF
:100790008A110A12031DF62BFE308A016820C03030
:1007A0008A0168203D308A01682032308A01682041
:1007B00034308A0168204C308A01682043308A0135
:1007C000682030308A01682038308A016820203063
:1007D0008A01682020308A01682020308A01682040
:1007E000A030CB00FF30BA000330BB0064004E08DD
:1007F000053C8A110A12031D272CFE308A0168204D
:10080000C0308A0168203D308A01682032308A0178
:10081000682034308A0168204C308A0168204330D7
:100820008A01682031308A01682036308A016820C8
:1008300020308A01682020308A01682020308A0117
:100840006820A030CB00FF30BA000730BB00640046
:100850004E08063C8A110A12031D582CFE308A01EC
:100860006820C0308A0168203D308A01682032301B
:100870008A01682034308A0168204C308A0168205F
:1008800043308A01682033308A01682032308A017F
:10089000682020308A01682020308A0168202030BA
:1008A0008A016820A030CB00FF30BA000F30BB00B7
:1008B00064004E08073C8A110A12031D892CA030DF
:1008C000CB00FE308A016820C0308A0168203D30AC
:1008D0008A01682032308A01682034308A01682019
:1008E0004C308A01682043308A01682036308A0102
:1008F000682034308A01682020308A016820203046
:100900008A01682020308A016820FF30BA001F3039
:10091000BB0064004E08083C8A110A12031DB82C63
:10092000FE308A016820C0308A0168203D308A018B
:10093000682032308A01682034308A0168204C30C7
:100940008A01682043308A01682031308A0168209A
:1009500032308A01682038308A01682020308A01CC
:10096000682020308A016820FF30BA003F30BB0089
:1009700064004E08093C8A110A12031DE72CFE3060
:100980008A016820C0308A0168203D308A016820D1
:1009900032308A01682034308A0168204C308A0164
:1009A000682043308A01682032308A01682035305F
:1009B0008A01682036308A01682020308A01682048
:1009C00020308A016820FF30BA007F30BB0064000D
:1009D0004E080A3C8A110A12031D162DFE308A01A8
:1009E0006820C0308A0168203D308A01682032309A
:1009F0008A01682034308A0168204C308A016820DE
:100A000043308A01682035308A01682031308A01FC
:100A1000682032308A01682020308A016820203026
:100A20008A016820FF30BA00FF30BB0064004E0826
:100A30000B3C8A110A12031D432DFE308A016820E7
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:101FC0004F07D6000730B6001030B4000730B70016
:101FD0000830B5004B088A011D2056088A011B20D5
:101FE0008A150A122B2F8A150A129A2F1030A60072
:101FF000A7015008A200A3018A016C21BC0025089A
:10200000BD003C084F07D600FE308A016820C03072
:102010008A01682064308A01682061308A01682062
:1020200074308A01682061308A0168203D308A015D
:1020300068200230A9005608A400A5016730B0004E
:10204000B1018A01BC2020308A0168200830A90033
:102050005608A400A5016730B000B1018A01AC2088
:10206000FE308A01682010308A016820FE308A0123
:10207000682010308A016820FE308A016820103004
:102080008A016820FE308A01682010308A016820A9
:10209000FE308A01682010308A016820FE308A01F3
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:1020C000FE308A01682010308A0168200800143030
:1020D0008A0104214B14FE308A01682001308A01F4
:1020E000682061308A01682064308A016820643089
:1020F0008A01682072308A0168203D308A01682098
:102100000430A9003808A4003908A5006730B000E1
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:102120003808A4003908A5006730B000B1018A0161
:10213000CF20640003304E028A110A160318B1281A
:102140000730B6001030B4000730B7000830B500D3
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:10216000D6004E08033C031DFF30FF3ABC004E086A
:10217000043C031DFF30FF3ABE003C0884003E08CB
:102180008A014C21BE00BF004E08053C031DFF30F4
:10219000FF3AC0003E083F04840040088A014C21F9
:1021A000C000C1006400400841048A110A160319E6
:1021B000F6283918CB14391CCB10B9184B15B91C9B
:1021C0004B113919CB15391DCB110730B600103022
:1021D000B4000730B7000830B5004B088A011D2055
:1021E00038088A011D208A010220D6004E08A0006E
:1021F00005308A012621BC004E08A0000B308A0160
:102200002E21BE003C0884003E088A014521BE0004
:10221000BF0064003E083F048A110A1603192429EE
:102220000730B6001030B4000730B7000830B500F2
:102230004B088A011D2039088A011D2038088A01AF
:102240001D208A010220D600FE308A016820C0309D
:102250008A01682064308A01682061308A01682020
:1022600074308A01682061308A0168203D308A011B
:1022700068200230A9005608A400A5016730B0000C
:10228000B1018A01BC2020308A0168200330A900F6
:102290005608A400A5016730B000B1018A01CF2023
:1022A000FE308A01682010308A016820FE308A01E1
:1022B000682010308A016820FE308A0168201030C2
:1022C0008A016820FE308A01682010308A01682067
:1022D0005608A000A1011030A200A3018A015021DC
:1022E000D0005008A600A7011030A200A3018A0167
:1022F0006C21BC002508BD003C085602CF006400DC
:102300008A110A1606189329FA308A010421D00A84
:1023100064005008103C8A110A16031D9029D00150
:102320008A110A16702264008A110A168618A729D3
:10233000FA308A010421CF0A64004F08103C8A1148
:102340000A16031DA429CF018A110A1670226400FF
:102350008A110A160619612A4B10FA308A010421E3
:102360001030A600A7015008A200A3018A016C2129
:10237000BC002508BD003C084F07D60064000330B0
:102380004E028A110A160318D6290730B6001030FB
:10239000B4000730B7000830B5004B088A011D2093
:1023A00038088A011D2056088A011B204E08033C6C
:1023B000031DFF30FF3ABC004E08043C031DFF30F4
:1023C000FF3ABE003C0884003E088A014C21BE0052
:1023D000BF004E08053C031DFF30FF3AC0003E0819
:1023E0003F04840040088A014C21C000C100640001
:1023F000400841048A110A1603191B2A3918CB1404
:10240000391CCB10B9184B15B91C4B113919CB1508
:10241000391DCB110730B6001030B4000730B700BB
:102420000830B5004B088A011D2038088A011D209C
:1024300056088A011B204E08A00005308A0126217B
:10244000BC004E08A0000B308A012E21BE003C08C3
:1024500084003E088A014521BE00BF0064003E089A
:102460003F048A110A160319492A0730B6001030B2
:10247000B4000730B7000830B5004B088A011D20B2
:1024800039088A011D2038088A011D2056088A0152
:102490001B20B80A0319B90A3808A0003908A1009E
:1024A0003B08A3003A088A0133218A110A16031D4A
:1024B0005B2AB801B90114308A0104218A110A1675
:1024C000672864008A110A1686196D2A0130A30054
:1024D0005E308A0105218A01AF298A110A167F29F7
:1024E0001030A600A7015008A200A3018A016C21A8
:1024F000BC002508BD003C084F07D600FE308A010D
:102500006820C0308A01682064308A016820613008
:102510008A01682074308A01682061308A0168204D
:102520003D308A0168200230A9005608A400A501A8
:102530006730B000B1018A01BC2020308A016820D8
:102540000330A9005608A400A5016730B000B1010E
:102550008A01CF20FE308A01682010308A0168206D
:10256000FE308A01682010308A016820FE308A011E
:10257000682010308A016820FE308A0168201030FF
:102580008A016820080064000B304E028A110A1686
:10259000031CCC2A8A01AF294B10FE308A01682027
:1025A00001308A01682045308A01682072308A0132
:1025B000682061308A01682073308A0168206930A0
:1025C0008A0168206E308A01682067308A0168209D
:1025D00020308A0168206D308A01682065308A01C8
:1025E00068206D308A0168206F308A01682072305F
:1025F0008A01682079308A01682020308A016820A9
:1026000020308A016820FE308A016820C0308A01AB
:10261000682043308A0168206F308A0168206E305C
:102620008A01682066308A01682069308A01682042
:1026300072308A0168206D308A01682020308A015A
:1026400068203F308A01682020308A0168204230AB
:102650008A01682075308A01682074308A016820F8
:1026600031308A01682020308A01682020308A01B8
:10267000682064008A110A160618442BFA308A0171
:1026800004218A110A16512B64008A110A16861831
:102690004E2BFA308A0104218A01AF298A110A16C9
:1026A000392BFE308A01682001308A0168204530CC
:1026B0008A01682072308A01682061308A016820AE
:1026C00073308A01682069308A0168206E308A017F
:1026D000682067308A01682020308A0168206D30C8
:1026E0008A01682065308A0168206D308A0168207F
:1026F0006F308A01682072308A01682079308A013F
:10270000682020308A01682020308A016820FE304D
:102710008A016820C0308A01682057308A01682009
:1027200061308A01682069308A01682074308A012A
:10273000682020308A01682020308A0168202030FB
:102740008A01682020308A01682020308A016820B0
:1027500020308A01682020308A01682020308A01D8
:10276000682020308A01682020308A0168202030CB
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:1027B000B4000730B7000830B5004B088A011D206F
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:1027E000FF3ABE003C0884003E088A014C21BE002E
:1027F000BF004E08053C031DFF30FF3AC0003E08F5
:102800003F04840040088A014C21C000C1006400DC
:10281000400841048A110A1603192B2C4518CB14C1
:10282000451CCB10C5184B15C51C4B114519CB15B4
:10283000451DCB110730B6001030B4000730B7008B
:102840000830B5004B088A011D2044088A011D206C
:1028500056088A011B204E08A00005308A01262157
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:1028700084003E088A014521BE00BF0064003E0876
:102880003F048A110A160319592C0730B60010307C
:10289000B4000730B7000830B5004B088A011D208E
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:102930006820FE308A016820C0308A01682050304B
:102940008A01682072308A01682065308A01682017
:1029500073308A01682073308A01682020308A0130
:10296000682042308A01682075308A0168207430FE
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:10299000682020308A01682020308A016820640085
:1029A0008A110A168619DB2C0130A30090308A01A7
:1029B00005218A01AF298A110A16CF2C63008A11DA
:0429C0000A16DE2CE9
:02400E00313F40
:00000001FF

Decodificador alfanumérico com PIC

Extensão do Decodificador BCD para display de 7 segmentos

Utilizei o mesmo PIC 16F676 para um decodificador para apresentar caracteres alfanuméricos em displays de led de 7 segmentos. Para tanto é necessário o uso de mais uma porta para entrar o código binário (agora não mais BCD) de 5 bits, o que permite 32 combinações. Dada a limitação dos displays de 7 segmentos, nem todos caracteres alfanuméricos são possíveis de ser reproduzidos, tais como o "k", "m", "w", "z", "x", e o "q" pra não confundir com o "9".

Segue a tabela com os códigos de entrada na PORT A:

PORT A
4	3	2	1	0	Caractere
0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	1	1
0	0	0	1	0	2
0	0	0	1	1	3
0	0	1	0	0	4
0	0	1	0	1	5
0	0	1	1	0	6
0	0	1	1	1	7
0	1	0	0	0	8
0	1	0	0	1	9
0	1	0	1	0	A
0	1	0	1	1	b
0	1	1	0	0	C
0	1	1	0	1	d
0	1	1	1	0	E
0	1	1	1	1	F
1	0	0	0	0	g
1	0	0	0	1	H
1	0	0	1	0	i
1	0	0	1	1	J
1	0	1	0	0	L
1	0	1	0	1	n
1	0	1	1	0	o
1	0	1	1	1	P
1	1	0	0	0	r
1	1	0	0	1	t
1	1	0	1	0	u
1	1	0	1	1	y
1	1	1	0	0	-
1	1	1	0	1	=
1	1	1	1	0	[
1	1	1	1	1	]

Com a utilização de mais um bit de entrada, a seleção de saídas para catodo comum ou anodo comum deixa de existir e o decodificador só funciona para catodo comum.

Os códigos Hexa estão a seguir:

:100000002E288001840AFF3E031D01282928A30110

:10001000A200FF30A207031CA307031C29280330FA

:10002000A100DF3015200928A101E83EA000A109A8

:10003000FC30031C1E28A00703181B28A00764001F

:10004000A10F1B2820182428A01C282800002828DD

:10005000080083130313831264000800073099001B

:1000600083161F30850087019101203084004030C5

:1000700083120120BC01640020303C02031849288F

:100080003C08B80058200130A300F4300820BC0F11

:100090003B280830B8001F300505B8006400380858

:1000A0003902031D54284B283808B90058204B2822

:1000B00038081F3C031C86285F20870086280030F4

:1000C0008A003808663E03188A0A82001F34033407

:1000D0002D342734333436343E3403343F34333410

:1000E0003B343E341C342F343C34383437343B34C6

:1000F00002340F341C342A342E34393428343C343E

:100100000E343734203424341C34073438081F3C70

:10011000031CB8289120013903198512031D851687

:10012000B82800308A003808983E03188A0A8200EE

:100130000134003401340134003401340134013419

:100140000134013401340034013400340134013409

:1001500001340034003400340034003400340134FD

:1001600000340034003400340034003401340134ED

:0601700008006300B9283D

:02400E00C43FAD

:00000001FF

E um pequeno vídeo de demonstração dos caracteres gerados:

Uso de memórias I2C

Editor/Leitor de memórias EEPROM I2C

Precisei ler algumas memórias EEPROM do tipo I2C e resolvi aproveitar uma placa de desenvolvimento MCLAB2 da Mosaico que já tem um soquete de 8 pinos para memórias 24LCXX, um PIC 16F877A e um LCD de 16x2.

As memórias EEPROM 24LC usam comunicação serial I2C (ou IIC) que utiliza 2 sinais: um clock de até 400kHz e uma via de dados bidirecional. Isso economiza bastante as portas de um microcontrolador e por isso diversos aparelhos e sistemas usam essas memórias para armazenar dados de configuração ou de monitoramento coletados por sensores.

As memórias que incluí no programa são:

24LC01 de 1kbits (8 x 128)

24LC02 de 2kbits (8 x 256)

24LC04 de 4 kbits (8 x 512)

24LC08 de 8 kbits (8 x 1024)

24LC16 de 16 kbits (8 x 2048)

24LC32 de 32 kbits (8 x 4096)

24LC64 de 64 kbits (8 x 8192)

24LC128 de 128 kbits (8 x 16384)

24LC256 de 256 kbits (8 x 32768)

24LC512 de 512 kbits (8 x 65536)

A vantagem é que todas essas memórias usam a mesma pinagem e encapsulamento DIP 8.

A parte do circuito aproveitada da placa MCLAB2 é a seguinte e pode ser montada em protoboard:

A MCLAB2 possui 4 botões de contato momentâneo, assim designei-os de botões 1 a 4, sendo que B1 tem a função de decremento, B2 de incremento, B3 de avanço e B4 de enter ou saída.

Ao ligar, aparece um Menu com as seguintes opções:

1 - Seleciona dispositivo: escolhe qual a memória a editar ou ler.

2 - Leitura da memória: apenas se consegue ver os dados gravados nos endereços

3 - Edição da memória: pode-se ver os dados e alterá-los

4 - Apagamento da memória: seta todas as posições de memória com o valor $FF (255 em decimal).

Para escolher uma das opções, aperta-se o botão correspondente à desejada.

Ao escolher a opção 1, devemos a seguir escolher qual o modelo de memória a ser usada. Os botões B1 e B2 selecionam na lista de modelos e o botão B4 aceita a seleção e volta ao menu inicial.

Na opção de leitura, devemos entrar com o endereço inicial a ser lido. Iniciando pelo digito hexadecimal mais significativo (o primeiro da esquerda, de 4) podemos mudá-lo de 0 a F com os botões B1 e B2. Aparecendo o dígito desejado, aperta-se B3 e passamos ao segundo dígito e assim por diante até o último dígito menos significativo. Se o endereço for maior do que a capacidade da memória escolhida, aparece uma mensagem de erro e volta-se para a seleção do endereço. A qualquer momento também aparece o valor do endereço em decimal. Ao final já se apresenta o valor do dado (em hexadecimal e decimal) naquela posição de memória:

Para passar para o endereço seguinte, aperta-se B2, para voltar uma posição, aperta-se B1.  Para sair da leitura, aperta-se B4.

Na opção de edição/gravação (3), também devemos entrar com o endereço inicial a ser editado. Depois de entrado o endereço, aparece o valor atual do dado naquela posição de memória. Para alterar o valor usamos B1 para modificar o valor do dígito (nibble) hexadecimal mais significativo e B2 para o nibble menos significativo. Para gravar e avançar para o próximo endereço usamos o botão B3. Para terminar a edição e voltar para o menu, aperta-se B4.

A última opção apaga a memória por inteiro, gravando o valor $FF em todas as posições. Memórias com grande capacidade demoram um certo tempo para terem todas posições apagadas. Ao final do processo aparece uma mensagem informando o final do apagamento e pedindo para apertar B4 para voltar ao menu.

O firmware para o 16F877A é o seguinte:

:10000000B2017C29B216B21EB212B2190B28B21577

:100010004420031832280830A3005920A20DA30B56

:100020000D28B21E3D2063205F20B21A32203720F7

:10003000220803107729B216B21EB21232192528EF

:10004000FE39B300321503107729321A2D28A60085

:10005000321644200318322826084C200318322870

:10006000B21E77293D20632032113212B2113608B8

:100070008400340884178004432836088400340937

:100080008005841780057729372063207B213D2058

:100090005F203308B2190138A2000830A300A20D76

:1000A00003183720031C3D2063205F20A30B4F283B

:1000B000372063203608840034080005FF3E3708E7

:1000C0008400350940283708840035083A28040898

:1000D000A70089100910091083168910091009104A

:1000E000880183122708B21890283A30A100FC300A

:1000F00002213330A600A3201030A1006830022175

:10010000A32064300121A32038308F200C308F20B1

:1001100001308F2006308F20B21427089028321427

:10012000A600321C9E280910033C031CA328A32010

:100130000730A100D0300221031408003214FE3C25

:1001400003197729091489142608880032108910A8

:100150003230012103140800B31329080319B3171F

:100160000430A800250EB9202508B920240EB92096

:1001700024080F39F63E0318073E0A3EDC28B31365

:1001800029080319B3170530A8002730A300103041

:10019000D5200330A300E830D520A3016430D5205A

:1001A000A3010A30D5202408DC28A2002508A100DC

:1001B0002408A00040212008A000A8030319B313BD

:1001C00029080319E6282802031808002008031D3F

:1001D000B313B31B0800303E722983178001840AD1

:1001E000FF3E031DEE287729A301A200FF30A207DE

:1001F000031CA307031C77290330A100DF30022171

:10020000F628A101E83EA000A109FC30031C0B293F

:10021000A00703180829A0076400A10F08292018C7

:100220001129A01C1529000015290800A101A3010E

:10023000A20001302529A20006302529A101A30131

:10024000A20004302529A2000530A80023082102BD

:10025000031D2C2922082002043003180130031941

:1002600002302805031DFF3077290038031DFF30B9

:100270000405031DFF3077290404031DFF3077298F

:10028000A501A4011030A600210DA40DA50D220882

:10029000A4022308031C230FA502031856292208D1

:1002A000A40723080318230FA5070310A00DA10D11

:1002B000A60B4429200877291030A800A101A0012D

:1002C000A70CA60C031C6A292208A0072308031800

:1002D000230FA107A10CA00CA50CA40CA80B60294E

:1002E00024087729840031088A00300882008313AB

:1002F00003138312640008008316DF3085000F307B

:100300008600913087008801890106309F00073000

:100310009C00831207112030840060308A01EE2097

:10032000A030840050308A01EE201030840060300C

:100330008A01ED209030840060308A01ED20FE308B

:100340008A01682001308A01682050308A016820C3

:100350006C308A01682061308A01682063308A012C

:10036000682061308A01682020308A0168204D3081

:100370008A01682043308A0168204C308A01682055

:1003800041308A01682042308A01682032308A0177

:10039000682020308A01682020308A0168202030BF

:1003A0008A01682020308A016820FE308A01682096

:1003B000C0308A0168204C308A01682065308A018B

:1003C00068202F308A01682067308A0168207230E7

:1003D0008A01682061308A01682076308A016820AD

:1003E00061308A01682020308A01682049308A0102

:1003F000682032308A01682043308A01682020302A

:100400008A01682020308A01682020308A01682013

:10041000FE308A0168200F308A0168200730A3006F

:10042000D0308A01F520FE308A01682001308A012F

:10043000682031308A0168202D308A0168207330AD

:100440008A01682065308A0168206C308A01682042

:1004500020308A01682064308A01682065308A0172

:10046000682076308A01682020308A016820323086

:100470008A0168202D308A01682072308A01682044

:1004800065308A01682061308A01682064308A0101

:100490006820FE308A016820C0308A01682033302D

:1004A0008A0168202D308A01682077308A0168200F

:1004B00072308A01682069308A01682074308A01AC

:1004C000682065308A01682020308A016820343035

:1004D0008A0168202D308A01682065308A016820F1

:1004E00072308A01682061308A01682073308A0185

:1004F000682065308A01682064008A110A12061893

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